NEVVI Medicare utilization intelligence

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Group profile

ANESTHESIA ASSOCIATES OF KANSAS CITY PA

CERTIFIED REGISTERED NURSE ANESTHETIST (CRNA) · OVERLAND PARK, KS · 222 providers · hospital-affiliated · (913) 901-9000

Provider volumes, all codes · CY2024

189
Clinicians · 2024
48
Codes billed · 2024
10
Billing states

Group overview · all codes · CY2024

10,782
attributed, disclosed services
189
clinicians
48
distinct codes
10
billing states
Physicians 51Advanced-practice 138Other clinicians 0
By clinician headcount, CY2024. 'Physician' follows Medicare's §1861(r) definition (MD/DO, podiatry, optometry, dental medicine, chiropractic); facility and supplier enrollments are not counted as clinicians.

This group's attributed Medicare payments across all codes were premium in CY2024.

Dollars, place-of-service mix, national standing and peer benchmarks are part of the market analytics platform — built, not launched yet. Notify me at launch →

All figures are attributed (single-group clinicians only) and disclosed (CMS suppresses fewer-than-11-beneficiary rows) Medicare Part B fee-for-service — a subset, never complete totals. Percentile and peer figures are billed-volume positions, not statements about care. See Methods & Sources.

Medicare Part B FFS · CY2024 · as published by CMS
Per-provider volumes — services, beneficiary-episodes, and average Medicare payment — are part of the market analytics platform — built, not launched yet. Notify me at launch →
NPIProviderCredentialsTypeCitySt Services (all codes)
1598820110 Downey, Amanda M.D. Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1013238674 Brennan, Jeffrey M.D. Anesthesiology Kansas CityMO premium
1104045970 Chandra, Vishal D.O. Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1194707729 Stiles, Michella MD Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1124281068 Powers, Carolyn MD Anesthesiology MaywoodIL premium
1013449446 Leyh, Priyanka M.D. Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1639462328 Razavian, Shervin MD Anesthesiology Lees SummitMO premium
1992202220 Kovacs, Brandan MD Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1285655415 Sander-Prather, Mandy MD Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1578067054 Regier, Betsy MD Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1750608675 Patzkowsky, John MD Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1730640749 Ostler, Ryan DO Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1275928152 Koehn, Mark M.D. Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1104117886 Johnson, Jeslyn CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) OlatheKS premium
1255892055 Lee, Leander Anesthesiology Saint LouisMO premium
1558693069 Arora, Jaya MD Anesthesiology SpringfieldMO premium
1295717254 Kushangi, Dinesh MD Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1447695010 Reeves, Alyson CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) LawrenceKS premium
1255380507 May, Eric MD Anesthesiology Kansas CityMO premium
1518934355 Bray, Cara CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) OlatheKS premium
1700814555 Hoffmann, Jason M.D. Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1093983546 Barkemeyer, Brett CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) TopekaKS premium
1407011349 Coons, Jan CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) OlatheKS premium
1356333520 Mohrbacher, Diana CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1659353712 Hagen, Douglas MD Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1598989170 Hutchinson, Douglas MD Anesthesiology Kansas CityMO premium
1437688629 Balmaceda, Alexander MD Anesthesiology IndependenceMO premium
1245792621 Shold, Andrew MD Anesthesiology IndependenceMO premium
1710941786 Rubo, Alex CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) BaltimoreMD premium
1316441074 Seligson, Erica MD Anesthesiology BostonMA premium
1457813925 Winegarner, Andrew MD Anesthesiology ProvidenceRI premium
1578515250 Fox, Curtis MD Anesthesiology Kansas CityMO premium
1780660605 Xu, Lin CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1407892409 Bruening, Cristie D.O. Anesthesiology Kansas CityMO premium
1952375040 Policky, Kevin M.D. Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1750947271 Patterson, Patrick CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Shawnee MissionKS premium
1912966722 Coats, Michon CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Saint LouisMO premium
1639468796 Morris, Billy CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Shawnee MissionKS premium
1033210083 Zellmer, Todd CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) North Kansas CityMO premium
1750086575 Mclay, Breanne Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) RaymoreMO premium
1316488547 Cross, Rebecca MD Anesthesiology IndependenceMO premium
1114152998 Van Scoyoc, Grant CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) OlatheKS premium
1417004300 Henderson, Scott MD Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1083785695 Masiongale, Amy CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Lees SummitMO premium
1952726416 Plost, Mindy CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) OlatheKS premium
1912520446 Polodna, Anna Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1649335597 Surber, Michael CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) North Kansas CityMO premium
1770275653 Rizzo, Jenna CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Lees SummitMO premium
1417989674 Nosti, Andrew M.D. Anesthesiology Lees SummitMO premium
1447790944 Alderman, Nicholas CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1518934330 Englert, Kurt CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Shawnee MissionKS premium
1255316402 Harness, Janis CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1265408595 Mcconnaughhay, Ann CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Lees SummitMO premium
1730164195 Goswick, Kristine CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1740573435 Lamb, Jonathan MD Anesthesiology Kansas CityKS premium
1942763693 Beckman, Laurissa Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1255591178 Donnelly, Patrick CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) North Kansas CityMO premium
1508199415 Hahn, Jason M.D. Pain Management WashingtonMO premium
1194896704 Masiongale, James CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) AugustaGA premium
1710410303 Oxenford, Corinne CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1649252479 Moncure, Kimberly MD Anesthesiology Kansas CityMO premium
1023339868 Kline, Kristina CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) OlatheKS premium
1013984822 Muller, Nicholas CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Shawnee MissionKS premium
1730394610 Hiles, Travis M.D. Anesthesiology IndependenceMO premium
1043247000 Cundiff, Katherine M.D. Anesthesiology Lees SummitMO premium
1154326874 Rutherford, Brenda CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Blue SpringsMO premium
1972172880 Schwinke, Elizabeth CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1164409694 Novak, Katharine MD Anesthesiology Kansas CityMO premium
1275952210 Gray, Emily CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) OlatheKS premium
1972917151 Sindel, Rebecca CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1710969118 Miller, Burney MD Anesthesiology Kansas CityMO premium
1114468527 Lane, Nicole CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Shawnee MissionKS premium
1386107092 Mcdonnell, Samantha RN Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1104842202 Hicks, Sheila CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) HuntsvilleAL premium
1093031825 Engelkes, Daniela Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) BeltonMO premium
1508621798 Myers, Edward CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1275100208 Hassan, Taylor CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityKS premium
1932553708 Powell, David Anesthesiology Kansas CityMO premium
1316265333 Van Meeteren, Lindsay RN, CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1033265954 Wilen, Valerie CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1972999811 Cleveland, Joshua M.D. Anesthesiology BeltonMO premium
1952613481 Colson, Casey CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1245655224 Stockton, Shelli CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Shawnee MissionKS premium
1427337161 Bahls, Slade CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) IndependenceMO premium
1861841462 Kubalik, Andrew Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1801110226 Olson, Jeremiah CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1275932501 Alexander, Kevin CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) ArlingtonTX premium
1881675304 Berenson, Cathy MD Anesthesiology Kansas CityMO premium
1912016882 Cherry, Jamie CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) TopekaKS premium
1538149778 Large, Randy DO Anesthesiology JoplinMO premium
1215620711 Wright, Blake CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1871558379 Davis, Lisa CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) TopekaKS premium
1588395503 Sisson, Rachel CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Lees SummitMO premium
1447695671 Alexander, Stacey CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) OlatheKS premium
1205073616 Jeffers, Samuel CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Saint JosephMO premium
1760606149 Sorbin, Kortnee MD Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1174084511 Strutz, Patricia MD Anesthesiology IndependenceMO premium
1962467472 Trpkosh, Tyson Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1013205665 Filla, Michael RN, CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1154653806 Hilton, Ryan CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) WilmingtonNC premium
1699417105 Salomone, Molly DNP, CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1467133546 Mccleland, Carly CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1699358184 Adair, Kaitlin · member of 4 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) LenexaKS premium
1083680441 Aistrup, Bruce · member of 4 groups M.D. Anesthesiology Shawnee MissionKS premium
1003341587 Ayers, Taylor · member of 4 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityKS premium
1700389970 Bell, Amy · member of 6 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1780026872 Besong, Marylin · member of 5 groups MD Anesthesiology ColumbiaMO premium
1912437005 Bird, Michaela · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) HaysKS premium
1619077914 Brittain, Cheryl · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) OlatheKS premium
1790084499 Buckneberg, Matthew · member of 4 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1972871689 Burnett, Dena · member of 4 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) IndependenceMO premium
1104273317 Carroll, Angelique · member of 5 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) IndependenceMO premium
1780036350 Coats, Andrea · member of 6 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1952890121 Crownover, Jami · member of 4 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityKS premium
1467185561 Davidson, Spencer · member of 3 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityKS premium
1265757132 Davis, Randall · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Shawnee MissionKS premium
1124497961 Demaree, Kaitlyn · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) WichitaKS premium
1083149462 Dilley, Stephanie · member of 4 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) North Kansas CityMO premium
1881129112 Dougan, Brooke · member of 4 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityKS premium
1992948947 Edwards, Matthew · member of 2 groups M.D. Anesthesiology North Kansas CityMO premium
1083007942 Eller, Sarah · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1891490785 Evans, Seth · member of 3 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) WarrensburgMO premium
1477063469 Fields, Caitlin · member of 4 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) MerriamKS premium
1487330494 Finkle, Jonathan · member of 3 groups DNAP Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) ClintonMO premium
1982285102 Flath, Samantha · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Shawnee MissionKS premium
1962856948 Fox, Rebecca · member of 2 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1306287867 Francisco, Tia · member of 3 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) North Kansas CityMO premium
1164833216 Frieden, Monica · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) North Kansas CityMO premium
1982640447 Fuemmeler, Reidun · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) BeltonMO premium
1235451246 Gaupp, Danica · member of 3 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1063495711 Gordon, Kelly · member of 4 groups RN ARNP CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1063466951 Jackson, Christian · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) IndependenceMO premium
1184952723 Jordan, Amanda · member of 2 groups AMANDA JORDAN CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1992443311 Jordan, Andrew · member of 5 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) WarrensburgMO premium
1386353506 Kalhorn, William · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1336718337 Keeler, Michael · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1811332588 Keltner, Ami · member of 4 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1285046045 Klamm, Stephanie · member of 5 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Shawnee MissionKS premium
1871534099 Krause, Timothy · member of 2 groups D.O. Anesthesiology Kansas CityKS premium
1235461989 Lanser, Callie · member of 3 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1013369727 Lee, Laura · member of 7 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) LibertyMO premium
1093454381 Lopez, Dirk · member of 3 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityKS premium
1619333028 Lungren, Jared · member of 4 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) North Kansas CityMO premium
1396044095 Maier, Andrew · member of 4 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1457322901 Martino, Amy · member of 3 groups RN Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Falls ChurchVA premium
1275178105 Mcelroy, Michael · member of 2 groups RN Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1962724757 Mckeon, Rebecca · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1699095133 Mcknight, Kristen · member of 3 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1104500479 Mcneace, Halie · member of 2 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Lake QuiviraKS premium
1306289442 Mendenhall, Christina · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1134514474 Menius, Corey · member of 2 groups MD Anesthesiology Kansas CityMO premium
1306370101 Mishler, Keaton · member of 4 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityKS premium
1407479900 Mitts, Alex · member of 2 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1811125495 Moreno, Melissa · member of 8 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1003132465 Mylenbusch, Kari · member of 4 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) ColumbiaMO premium
1679777197 Oakland, Diane · member of 4 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityKS premium
1891220281 O'sullivan, Kenna · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) North Kansas CityMO premium
1710942800 Owens, Dennis · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) RichmondVA premium
1851981732 Patterson, Katharine · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1992851299 Peasley, Bethany · member of 5 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) North Kansas CityMO premium
1366065211 Phan, Sonny · member of 3 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1356863989 Pozek, Alicia · member of 3 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityKS premium
1184183436 Randtke, Mark · member of 4 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Lees SummitMO premium
1477146819 Riesmeyer, Mary · member of 3 groups APN-CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) SkokieIL premium
1821199878 Roach, Robert · member of 3 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) North Kansas CityMO premium
1689094401 Robertson, Melissa · member of 4 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1962077768 Robinson, Nicole · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1295441749 Schneider, Nicolle · member of 5 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1497132278 Seller, Jamie · member of 5 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1861812968 Seller, Brandon · member of 5 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) IndependenceMO premium
1326459926 Simecek, Kellie · member of 2 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) North Kansas CityMO premium
1326745480 Slankard, Christopher · member of 5 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Lees SummitMO premium
1467975441 Smith, Logan · member of 2 groups CRNA DNP Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityKS premium
1841343365 Sorley, David · member of 3 groups M.D. Anesthesiology ColumbiaMO premium
1053845685 Stone, Cassie · member of 3 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1003293689 Swingle, Mary · member of 2 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1104080241 Trpkosh, Lyudmyla · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) ColumbiaMO premium
1093058224 Tucker, Amanda · member of 4 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Los AngelesCA premium
1285106450 Tucker, Matthew · member of 4 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Los AngelesCA premium
1942697941 Tuttle, Shanna · member of 6 groups Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) MerriamKS premium
1487027728 Vaughan, Nicholas · member of 5 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Overland ParkKS premium
1891473120 Vincente, Ronald · member of 3 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1538827928 Waldenmeyer, Ulrich · member of 3 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) LeawoodKS premium
1891326641 White, Christopher · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Shawnee MissionKS premium
1427387745 Wilber, Bradley · member of 5 groups RN, BSN,MS, CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1730161340 Wingert, Erin · member of 2 groups MD Anesthesiology Overland ParkKS premium
1396197232 Withers, Garrett · member of 2 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) Kansas CityMO premium
1326482977 Wrede, Darren · member of 3 groups DO Anesthesiology LargoFL premium
1689075392 Wright, Taber · member of 3 groups CRNA Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) TulsaOK premium

Volumes are attributed to a group only for clinicians affiliated with exactly one group. Clinicians in several groups are listed ("member of N groups") but shown as "—" — their volume is not attributed to any single group. A "—" on a single-group clinician means CMS suppressed the figure (fewer than 11 beneficiaries), never zero. Beneficiary-episodes count CMS's per-setting beneficiary figures, not unique patients. Average Medicare payment is the amount Medicare actually paid per service, weighted by service volume across office and facility settings. Where the roster is a single clinician, that clinician's service counts match the group's attributed volume shown on the ranked results, so they are shown here; the per-provider split across a larger roster is a premium feature. See Methods & Sources.