ST JOSEPHS MEDICAL CENTER
PAC 8224948443 Provider groupWho's billing in this group, plus the paid volume analytics · CY2024
Clinician makeup · CY2024Billed 147 of the group's 245 codes this year, across 5 states (CY2024).
The full analytics for this group
PremiumThe billed-volume rank, trajectory, and economics behind this group — computed on the same disclosed Medicare Part B data.
- Per-code payment breakdown & avg $/service — dollars behind the volume
- Beneficiary-episode volume — reach, not just service counts
- Office vs. facility setting mix — place-of-service code split
- National billed-volume rank — percentile, cohort & year disclosed
- Size-peer billed-volume benchmark — vs. groups of similar size
- Top-3 clinician share — how volume distributes
- 5-year volume trend — direction across the window
- Business mix — largest codes by payment
Rank and benchmark figures are billed-volume positions among peers, not measures of care. All figures attributed (single-group clinicians) and disclosed Medicare Part B fee-for-service.
Notify me at launch → Or see a live example group page →Provider volumes, all codes · CY2024
| NPI | Provider | Credentials | Type | City | St | Services (all codes) locked column |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1528068186 | Metz, Christopher | MD | Orthopedic Surgery | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1679937767 | Zhao, Andrew | MD | Sports Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1073933719 | Lesmeister, Nicholas | MD | Orthopedic Surgery | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1427058577 | Thompson, Paul | MD | Orthopedic Surgery | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1164684320 | Dunphy, Tyler | MD | Internal Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1891957494 | Byrns, Marcy | MD | Internal Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1164407466 | Li, Hong | MD | Internal Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1962790287 | Gebhardt, Kristi | D.O. | Internal Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1285618249 | Menghini, Vanessa | MD | Internal Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1821522210 | Jacobson, Andrew | M.D. | Cardiology | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1619060167 | Davis, Greg | MD | Pulmonary Disease | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1073591210 | Ehlert, Deanne | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium | |
| 1598104655 | Johnson, Daniel | M.D. | Internal Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1285826446 | Philip, Aby | MBBS | Hematology | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1992755052 | Bowar, Jon | MD | Psychiatry | St Cloud | MN | premium |
| 1093754731 | Khan, Ashfaq | MD | Interventional Cardiology | Kerrville | TX | premium |
| 1467655308 | Anderson, Harvey | M.D. | Family Practice | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1467853002 | Erickson, Melissa | APRN, CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1205889904 | Fordahl, Daniel | MD | Internal Medicine | Princeton | MN | premium |
| 1962464230 | Lokstad, Sara | M.D. | Family Practice | Crosslake | MN | premium |
| 1710961776 | Nienaber, Brett | MD | Family Practice | Pequot Lakes | MN | premium |
| 1326212077 | Reese, Jared | MD | Family Practice | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1851344634 | Harder, Steven | DO | Family Practice | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1578639605 | Dalgarno, Jennifer | PA | Physician Assistant | Hackensack | MN | premium |
| 1265725105 | Chan, Aaron | M.D. | Gastroenterology | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1821351503 | Nord, Ashley | M.D. | Orthopedic Surgery | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1629450689 | Castle, Richard | D.O. | Hospitalist | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1154311660 | Whiteman, Gregory | MD | Family Practice | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1013558881 | Dullum, Karli | APRN, CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1477954576 | Kline, Nathan | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium | |
| 1255319299 | Freeman, James | Internal Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium | |
| 1538849450 | Kapsner, Shelbie | DNP | Nurse Practitioner | Pierz | MN | premium |
| 1962065656 | Harder, Trenton | DO | Family Practice | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1669905337 | John, Tegan | D.O. | Hospitalist | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1649255191 | Sorenson, Heidi | MD | Psychiatry | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1831350123 | Benson, Joseph | D.O. | Internal Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1740249572 | Giza, Jody | PA-C | Physician Assistant | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1700371895 | Inkollu, Sindhura | MD | Endocrinology | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1790952612 | Laposky, Nathan | MD | Family Practice | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1497746648 | Nguyen, Anh | MD | Neurology | Saint Cloud | MN | premium |
| 1467670216 | Gladen, Megan | MD | Family Practice | Pine River | MN | premium |
| 1598050783 | Eisenschenk, Jeremiah | M.D. | Family Practice | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1659621977 | Roepke, Naomi | CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Crosslake | MN | premium |
| 1720025265 | Gould, Wilfred | MD | Family Practice | Elk River | MN | premium |
| 1710596903 | Ugochukwu, Ijeoma | APRN, CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Duluth | MN | premium |
| 1427671049 | Loken, Staci | DO | Family Practice | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1306494893 | Blong, Paige | PA | Physician Assistant | Pillager | MN | premium |
| 1528315470 | Carroll, Amanda | CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Saint Paul | MN | premium |
| 1235301623 | Tigenoah, Linda | MD | Hospitalist | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1720465552 | Bader, Andrew | D.O. | Family Practice | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1629143169 | Watanaboonyakhet, Patanit | MD | Hematology-Oncology | Minot | ND | premium |
| 1417923954 | Brecht, Blaine | MD | Emergency Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1144712084 | Callenius, Kathlyn | DO | Neurology | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1871561886 | Trueblood, Ted | MD | Family Practice | Pierz | MN | premium |
| 1407113418 | Day, Emily | MD | Family Practice | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1679223770 | Rutske, Carrie | APRN, CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Cloquet | MN | premium |
| 1023626918 | Sheley, Tucker | APRN,CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Pine River | MN | premium |
| 1720649346 | Bresnahan, Joann | APRN, CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Pine River | MN | premium |
| 1134654015 | Haas, Luke | D.O. | Emergency Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1487095915 | Spray, Kelly | CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Pequot Lakes | MN | premium |
| 1073871422 | Patnode, Mark | M.D. | Emergency Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1164496345 | Porter, Jeffrey | MD | Emergency Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1215366380 | Purcell, Adam | APRN, CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1194462127 | Wimmer, Tara | NP | Nurse Practitioner | Duluth | MN | premium |
| 1861798936 | Waagmeester, Crystal | PA | Physician Assistant | East Gull Lake | MN | premium |
| 1245868447 | Carvalho, Stefany | DPM | Podiatry | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1699059410 | Kolodziej, Britta | PA-C | Physician Assistant | Rochester | MN | premium |
| 1992837793 | Holcomb, Rebecca | MD | Emergency Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1417511270 | Evenocheck, John | Family Practice | Baxter | MN | premium | |
| 1861257461 | Suess, Debra | APRN,CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1780223164 | Boggess, Chadwick | MD | Hospitalist | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1487210811 | Wiesner, Chelsea | DO | Emergency Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1700112547 | Seeker, Gail | CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Emily | MN | premium |
| 1760992044 | Arndt, Kathryn | PA-C | Physician Assistant | Elk River | MN | premium |
| 1477867182 | Ruhl, Melonee | FNP | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1801875869 | Bardwell, Kevin | MD | Family Practice | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1689008062 | Johnson, Leola | RN, CNS | Certified Clinical Nurse Specialist | New Brighton | MN | premium |
| 1184855587 | Mork, Jakiann | ANP-BC | Nurse Practitioner | Wyoming | MN | premium |
| 1982959664 | Hightower, Mark | MD | General Surgery | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1275952749 | Niemann, Amanda | Physician Assistant | Brainerd | MN | premium | |
| 1841304243 | Swanson, Heather | M.D. | Family Practice | Pierz | MN | premium |
| 1255698775 | Osborne, Sarah | MD | Family Practice | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1316610009 | Vopatek, Rachel | APRN,CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1770242513 | Ziegler, Lindsay | APRN,CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1447212345 | Diederich, Christine | NP | Nurse Practitioner | Sartell | MN | premium |
| 1568943090 | Swanson, Erin | DNP | Nurse Practitioner | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1720062417 | Fisher, Lance | PA | Physician Assistant | Phoenix | AZ | premium |
| 1902564818 | Smith, Amber | APRN,CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1164610010 | Brandl, Jessica | PA | Physician Assistant | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1174197883 | Wiese, Jenna | Physician Assistant | Pillager | MN | premium | |
| 1295712388 | Mc Glinch, Brian | M.D. | Anesthesiology | Rochester | MN | premium |
| 1376959577 | Reyes, Michael | Anesthesiology | Brainerd | MN | premium | |
| 1710520549 | Stearns, Thomas | PA-C | Physician Assistant | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1164671004 | Webster, Marko | PA-C, DPT | Physician Assistant | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1346015880 | Espana Neubauer, Diana | APRN,CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1659724581 | Mussell, Violet | Nurse Practitioner | Baxter | MN | premium | |
| 1053934679 | Loken, Nicholas | DO | Family Practice | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1548776396 | Didier, Michael | PA-C | Physician Assistant | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1447239645 | Waggoner, Julian | M.D. | Anesthesiology | Albert Lea | MN | premium |
| 1083014385 | Diethert, Danette | PMHNP | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1003192154 | Ness, Alisha | DO | Hospitalist | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1316723562 | Nelson, Carissa | APRN,CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1992313514 | Halvorson, Taylor | PA-C | Physician Assistant | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1083211676 | Stanley, Aaron | APRN, CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1417931593 | Bengtson, Ross | General Surgery | Brainerd | MN | premium | |
| 1801870886 | Duininck, Troy | MD | General Surgery | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1093764268 | Rees, Rhoda | APRN, CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1477131340 | Bleske, Chad | MD | Emergency Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1972103000 | Kostecka, Jaclyn | PA-C | Physician Assistant | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1063565166 | Haecker, Mark | MD | Anesthesiology | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1851352249 | Hoontrakoon, Raweewan | M.D. | Allergy/ Immunology | Greenwood Village | CO | premium |
| 1063492114 | Palmer, Melisa | PAC | Physician Assistant | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1871177303 | Mcraith, Joseph | DO | Family Practice | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1881369676 | Faynik, Haley | PA-C | Physician Assistant | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1154950962 | Lauwagie, Jamie | MD | Family Practice | Deerwood | MN | premium |
| 1154971828 | Kempf, Megan | PA | Physician Assistant | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1477117190 | Harder, Jacob | DPM | Podiatry | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1740583707 | Krohn, Weston | CRNA | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1033844121 | Beste, Jessica | APRN,CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Emily | MN | premium |
| 1235809070 | Herron, Katierae | APRN,CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1285612325 | Berg, John | MD | Gastroenterology | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1235869942 | Boehm, Miranda | APRN,CRNA | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1851301329 | Oster, Terri | APRN, CRNA | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1689658635 | Macy, Roger | MD | Family Practice | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1528409182 | Thell, Christina | CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1396746897 | Cochrane, Dean | CRNA | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Coon Rapids | MN | premium |
| 1063983724 | Petersen, Amanda | APRN/CRNA | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Duluth | MN | premium |
| 1093095283 | Wottreng, Kacie | CRNA | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Minneapolis | MN | premium |
| 1790760338 | Gray, Mark | MD | Family Practice | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1184836322 | Kippes, Leah | MD | Anesthesiology | Crosby | MN | premium |
| 1760460901 | Muesing, Tamara | PA-C | Physician Assistant | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1215192216 | Merck, Lawrance | CRNA | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1801974878 | Undis, Bethany | CRNA | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Cambridge | MN | premium |
| 1033813555 | Fenske, Nicholas | PA-C | Physician Assistant | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1891986923 | Engelstad, Scott | CRNA | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1558551879 | Engelstad, Patricia | CRNA | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1922842194 | Teckemeyer, Angela | APRN, DNP | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1154813210 | Vavra, David | MD | General Surgery | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1700855814 | Wimmer, Kathy | MD | Family Practice | Pillager | MN | premium |
| 1568805943 | Anderson, Kristen · member of 5 groups | CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Duluth | MN | premium |
| 1528799277 | Arntson, Leah · member of 2 groups | CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Saint Cloud | MN | premium |
| 1417393687 | Bartel, Annette · member of 2 groups | D.P.M. | Podiatry | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1043250590 | Berry, William · member of 2 groups | M.D. | Medical Oncology | Raleigh | NC | premium |
| 1639597230 | Brandl, Samuel · member of 3 groups | CRNA | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1003136839 | Chapman, Eric · member of 2 groups | D.O. | Urology | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1891980777 | Chastain, William · member of 7 groups | MD | Internal Medicine | Greenville | SC | premium |
| 1831584473 | Cisneros, Mario · member of 4 groups | Hospitalist | Jacksonville | FL | premium | |
| 1851748834 | Cook, Gates · member of 3 groups | M.D. | Urology | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1215403407 | Crissinger, Michelle · member of 3 groups | APRN, CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Detroit Lakes | MN | premium |
| 1609846476 | Curran, Michael · member of 2 groups | M.D. | Interventional Cardiology | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1669987822 | Didier, Jennifer · member of 2 groups | PA | Physician Assistant | Brooklyn Center | MN | premium |
| 1730262098 | Dylla, Kimberly · member of 2 groups | CRNA | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1821064510 | Eisenhauer, Michael · member of 3 groups | M.D. | Interventional Cardiology | Great Falls | MT | premium |
| 1720255367 | Esse, Katherine · member of 4 groups | MD | Neurology | St. Paul | MN | premium |
| 1043476732 | Fenstad, Eric · member of 2 groups | M.D., MSC | Cardiology | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1841675907 | Frear, Adam · member of 2 groups | PA-C | Physician Assistant | Sartell | MN | premium |
| 1295088201 | Gadbois, Kaley · member of 2 groups | PA-C | Physician Assistant | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1710253752 | Gao, Wangcai · member of 4 groups | M.D. | Neurology | St Paul | MN | premium |
| 1285963793 | Giannakidis, Dimitrios · member of 6 groups | MD | Neurology | San Francisco | CA | premium |
| 1295705572 | Gutierrez, Lori · member of 2 groups | WHCNP | Nurse Practitioner | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1568409829 | Hardy, Constance · member of 4 groups | M.D. | Internal Medicine | Joplin | MO | premium |
| 1992192389 | Howard, Jason · member of 2 groups | D.O. | Anesthesiology | Hannibal | MO | premium |
| 1598008724 | Jorgensen, Benjamin · member of 3 groups | MD | Vascular Surgery | Duluth | MN | premium |
| 1245484146 | Kelly, Filberto · member of 4 groups | MD | Internal Medicine | Brooklyn | NY | premium |
| 1033555867 | Klemmetsen, Shiela · member of 2 groups | M.D. | Family Practice | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1225164346 | Lelwica, Amy · member of 2 groups | MD | Orthopedic Surgery | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1417336173 | Lempola, Leah · member of 2 groups | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium | |
| 1427257393 | Lind, Jesse · member of 3 groups | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Brainerd | MN | premium | |
| 1417330531 | Massaquoi, Reyanna · member of 3 groups | MD | Neurology | Saint Louis | MO | premium |
| 1003059510 | Mciver, Trevor · member of 2 groups | MD | Orthopedic Surgery | Sartell | MN | premium |
| 1578762399 | Mehling, Chad · member of 3 groups | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Duluth | MN | premium | |
| 1053712489 | Meyer, Anne · member of 3 groups | RN, CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Duluth | MN | premium |
| 1124121322 | Mohrenweiser, Matthew · member of 2 groups | CRNA | Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1669402624 | Mollerus, Michael · member of 4 groups | Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology | Duluth | MN | premium | |
| 1922032200 | Montana, James · member of 3 groups | Internal Medicine | Ely | MN | premium | |
| 1295323285 | Olson, Carolyn · member of 2 groups | Nurse Practitioner | Duluth | MN | premium | |
| 1740264530 | Olson, Julie · member of 2 groups | M.D, | Internal Medicine | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1952449522 | Palmer, Steve · member of 3 groups | PA-C | Physician Assistant | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1659699536 | Perelshteyn, Anna · member of 2 groups | M.D. | Hematology-Oncology | Duluth | MN | premium |
| 1629169032 | Peshimam, Mahfooz · member of 2 groups | M.D. | Rheumatology | Fargo | ND | premium |
| 1699102897 | Peterson, Lindsey · member of 2 groups | NP | Nurse Practitioner | Fargo | ND | premium |
| 1790481109 | Piepkorn, Cassie · member of 2 groups | APRN,CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1902985575 | Pugely, James · member of 2 groups | MD | Allergy/ Immunology | Eureka | CA | premium |
| 1255650826 | Roohani, Pezhman · member of 6 groups | M.D. | Neurology | Minneapolis | MN | premium |
| 1326195686 | Rustad, Jared · member of 2 groups | MD | Neurology | Brainerd | MN | premium |
| 1790942795 | Sankaraneni, Rammohan · member of 3 groups | M.D | Neurology | Omaha | NE | premium |
| 1154308088 | Segler, Patricia · member of 2 groups | MD | Obstetrics & Gynecology | Baxter | MN | premium |
| 1710397393 | Seifu, Solomon · member of 3 groups | M.D. | Internal Medicine | Fenton | MO | premium |
| 1043717622 | Shapiro, Michael · member of 3 groups | MD | Urology | Hastings | MN | premium |
| 1750768388 | Sheaffer, William · member of 3 groups | M.D. | Vascular Surgery | Duluth | MN | premium |
| 1619236098 | Sit, Nathan · member of 5 groups | M.D. | Neurology | Minneapolis | MN | premium |
| 1750512133 | Sjostrand, Kirsten · member of 2 groups | D.O. | Obstetrics & Gynecology | Muskegon | MI | premium |
| 1902513062 | Soxman, Christine · member of 2 groups | CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Crosby | MN | premium |
| 1629486808 | Strehlow, Sarah · member of 2 groups | APRN | Nurse Practitioner | Detroit Lakes | MN | premium |
| 1821235128 | Swanson, Hollie · member of 2 groups | CNP | Nurse Practitioner | Bloomington | MN | premium |
| 1114210473 | Tetteh, Shirley · member of 5 groups | MD | Internal Medicine | Green Bay | WI | premium |
| 1376818757 | Thacker, Tapan · member of 5 groups | Neurology | Minneapolis | MN | premium | |
| 1629209689 | Thomson, Ruth · member of 6 groups | D.O. | Neurology | Portland | OR | premium |
| 1215344825 | Tibbetts, Danelle · member of 2 groups | RN, CNP | Nurse Practitioner | St Louis Park | MN | premium |
| 1508032129 | Titus, Jessica · member of 4 groups | M.D. | General Surgery | Duluth | MN | premium |
| 1396206256 | Turner, Naomi · member of 2 groups | MD | Orthopedic Surgery | Saint Louis | MO | premium |
| 1093133043 | Valesano, Johnathan · member of 2 groups | MD | Diagnostic Radiology | Rochester | MN | premium |
| 1760191944 | Vanhorn, Jennifer · member of 2 groups | Nurse Practitioner | Maple Grove | MN | premium |
Volumes are attributed to a group only for clinicians affiliated with exactly one group. Clinicians in several groups are listed ("member of N groups") but shown as "—" — their volume is not attributed to any single group. A "—" on a single-group clinician means CMS suppressed the figure (fewer than 11 beneficiaries), never zero. Beneficiary-episodes count CMS's per-setting beneficiary figures, not unique patients. Average Medicare payment is the amount Medicare actually paid per service, weighted by service volume across office and facility settings. Where the roster is a single clinician, that clinician's service counts match the group's attributed volume shown on the ranked results, so they are shown here; the per-provider split across a larger roster is a premium feature. See Methods & Sources.